Outside the PaleElsie B. Michie here provides insightful readings of novels by Mary Shelley, Emily and Charlotte Bront, Elizabeth Gaskell, and George Eliot, writers who confronted definitions of femininity which denied them full participation in literary culture. Exploring a series of abhorrent images, Michie traces the links between the Victorian definition of femininity and other forms of cultural exclusion such as race and class distinctions.